How to Separate the JavaScript in Your Web Page

How to Separate the JavaScript in Your Web Page When you first write a new JavaScript the easiest way to set it up is to embed the JavaScript code directly into the web page so that everything is in the one place while you test it to get it working right. Similarly, if you are inserting a pre-written script into your website the instructions may tell you to embed parts or all of the script into the web page itself. This is okay for setting up the page and getting it to work properly in the first place but once your page is working the way that you want it you will be able to improve the page by extracting the JavaScript into an external file so that your page content in the HTML isnt so cluttered with non-content items such as JavaScript. If you just copy and use JavaScripts written by other people then their instructions on how to add their script to your page may have resulted in your having one or more large sections of JavaScript actually embedded into your web page itself and their instructions dont tell you how you can move this code out of your page into a separate file and still have the JavaScript work. Dont worry though because regardless of what code the JavaScript you are using in your page you can easily move the JavaScript out of your page and set it up as a separate file (or files if you have more than one piece of JavaScript embedded in the page). The process for doing this is always the same and is best illustrated with an example. Lets look at how a piece of JavaScript might look when embedded in your page. Your actual JavaScript code will be different from that shown in the following examples but the process is the same in every case. Example One script typetext/javascript if (top.location ! self.location) top.location self.location; /script Example Two script typetext/javascript! if (top.location ! self.location) top.location self.location; // /script Example Three script typetext/javascript /* ![CDATA[ */ if (top.location ! self.location) top.location self.location; /* ]] */ /script Your embedded JavaScript should look something like one of the above three examples. Of course, your actual JavaScript code will be different from that shown but the JavaScript will probably be embedded into the page using one of the above three methods. In some cases, your code may use the outdated languagejavascript instead of typetext/javascript in which case you may want to bring your code more up to date to start with by replacing the language attribute with the type one. Before you can extract the JavaScript into its own file you first need to identify the code to be extracted. In all three of the above examples, there are two lines of actual JavaScript code to be extracted. Your script will probably have a lot more lines but can be readily identified because it will occupy the same place within your page as the two lines of JavaScript that we have highlighted in the above three examples (all three of the examples contain the same two lines of JavaScript, it is just the container around them that is slightly different). The first thing you need to do to actually extract the JavaScript into a separate file is to open a plain text editor and access the content of your web page. You then need to locate the embedded JavaScript that will be surrounded by one of the variations of code shown in the above examples.Having located the JavaScript code you need to select it and copy it to your clipboard. With the above example, the code to be selected is highlighted, you do not need to select the script tags or the optional comments that may appear around your JavaScript code.Open another copy of your plain text editor (or another tab if your editor supports opening more than one file at a time) and past the JavaScript content there.Select a descriptive filename to use for your new file and save the new content using that filename. With the example code, the purpose of the script is to break out of frames so an appropriate name could be  framebreak.js.So now we have the JavaScript in a separate file we return to the editor where we have the original page content to make the changes there to link to the external copy of the script. As we now have the script in a separate file we can remove everything between the script tags in our original content so that the /script;script tag immediately follows the script typetext/javascript tag.The final step is to add an extra attribute to the script tag identifying where it can find the external JavaScript. We do this using a  srcfilename  attribute. With our example script, we would specify srcframebreak.js.The only complication to this is if we have decided to store the external JavaScripts in a separate folder from the web pages that use them. If you do this then you need to add the path from the web page folder to the JavaScript folder in front of the filename. For example, if the JavaScripts are being stored in a  js  folder within the folder that holds our web pages we would need  srcjs/framebreak.js So what does our code look like after we have separated the JavaScript out into a separate file? In the case of our example JavaScript (assuming that the JavaScript and HTML are in the same folder) our HTML in the web page now reads: script typetext/javascript srcframebreak.js /script We also have a separate file called framebreak.js that contains: if (top.location ! self.location) top.location self.location; Your filename and file content will be a lot different from that because you will have extracted whatever JavaScript was embedded in your web page and given the file a descriptive name based on what it does. The actual process of extracting it will be the same though regardless of what lines it contains. What about those other two lines in each of examples two and three? Well, the purpose of those lines in example two is to hide the JavaScript from Netscape 1 and Internet Explorer 2, neither of which anyone uses any more and so those lines are not really needed in the first place. Placing the code in an external file hides the code from browsers that dont understand the script tag more effectively than surrounding it in an HTML comment anyway. The third example is used for XHTML pages to tell validators that the JavaScript should be treated as page content and not to validate it as HTML (if you are using an HTML doctype rather than an XHTML one then the validator already knows this and so those tags are not needed). With the JavaScript in a separate file there is no longer any JavaScript in the page to be skipped over by validators and so those lines are no longer needed. One of the most useful ways that JavaScript can be used to add functionality to a web page is to perform some sort of processing in response to an action by your visitor. The most common action that you want to respond to will be when that visitor clicks on something. The event handler that allows you to respond to visitors clicking on something is called  onclick. When most people first think about adding an  onclick  event handler to their web page they immediately think of adding it to an a tag. This gives a piece of code that often looks like: a href# onclickdosomething(); return false; This is the  wrong  way to use  onclick  unless you have an actual meaningful address in the  href  attribute so that those without JavaScript will be transferred somewhere when they click on the link. A lot of people also leave out the return false from this code and then wonder why the top of the current page always gets loaded after the script has run (which is what the href# is telling the page to do unless false is returned from all the event handlers. Of  course,  if you have something meaningful as the destination of the link then you may want to go there after running the  onclick  code and then you will not need the return false. What many people do not  realize  is that the  onclick  event handler can be added to  any  HTML tag in the web page in order to interact when your visitor clicks on that content. So if you want something to run when people click on an image you can use: img srcmyimg.gif onclickdosomething() If you want to run something when people click on some text you can use: span onclickdosomething()some text/span Of  course,  these dont give the automatic visual clue that there will be a response if your visitor clicks on them the way that a link does but you can add that visual clue easily enough yourself by styling the image or span appropriately. The other thing to note about these ways of attaching the  onclick  event handler is that they do not require the return false because there is no default action that will happen when the element is clicked on that needs to be disabled. These ways of attaching the  onclick  are a big improvement on the poor method that many people use but it is still a long way from being the best way of coding it. One problem with adding  onclick  using any of the above methods is that it is still mixing your JavaScript in with your HTML.  onclick  is  not  an HTML attribute, it is a JavaScript event handler. As such to separate our JavaScript from our HTML to make the page easier to maintain we need to get that  onclick  reference out of the HTML file into a separate JavaScript file where it belongs. The easiest way to do this is to replace the  onclick  in the HTML with an  id  that will make it easy to attach the event handler to the appropriate spot in the HTML. So our HTML might now contain one of these statements: img srcmyimg.gif idimg1 span idsp1some text/span We can then code the JavaScript in a separate JavaScript file that is either linked into the bottom of the body of the page or which is in the head of the page and where our code is inside a function that is itself called after the page finishes loading. Our JavaScript to attach the event handlers now looks like this: document.getElementById(img1).onclick dosomething; document.getElementById(sp1).onclick dosomething; One thing to note. You will notice that we have always written  onclick  entirely in lowercase. When coding the statement in their HTML you will see some people write it as onClick. This is wrong as the JavaScript event handlers names are all lowercase and there is no such handler as onClick. You can get away with it when you include the JavaScript inside your HTML tag directly since HTML is not case sensitive and the browser will map it across to the correct name for you. You cant get away with  the wrong  capitalization  in your JavaScript itself since the JavaScript is case sensitive and there is no such thing in JavaScript as onClick. This code is a huge improvement over the prior versions because we are now both attaching the event to the correct element within our HTML and we have the JavaScript completely separate from the HTML. We can improve on this even further though. The one problem that is remaining is that we can only attach one onclick event handler to a specific element. Should we at any time need to attach a different onclick event handler to the same element then the previously attached processing will no longer be attached to that element. When you are adding a variety of different scripts to your web page for different purposes there is at least a possibility that two or more of them may want to provide some processing to be performed when the same element is clicked on. The messy solution to this problem is to identify where this situation arises and to combine the processing that needs to be called together to a function that performs all of the processing. While clashes like this are less common with onclick than they are with onload, having to identify  the clashes in advance and combine them together is not the ideal solution. It is not a solution at all when the actual processing that needs to be attached to the element changes over time so that sometimes there is one thing to do, sometimes another, and sometimes both. The best solution is to stop using an event handler completely and to instead use a JavaScript event listener (along with the corresponding attachEvent for Jscript- since this is one of those situations where JavaScript and JScript  differ). We can do this most easily by first creating an addEvent function that will add either an event listener or attachment depending on which of the two that the language being run supports; function addEvent(el, eType, fn, uC) { if (el.addEventListener) { el.addEventListener(eType, fn, uC); return true; } else if (el.attachEvent) { return el.attachEvent(on eType, fn); } } We can now attach the processing that we want to have happen when our element is clicked on using: addEvent( document.getElementById(spn1), click,dosomething,false); Using this method of attaching the code to be processed when an element is clicked on means that making another addEvent call to add another function to be run when a specific element is clicked on will not replace the prior processing with the new processing but will instead allow both of the functions to be run. We have no need to know when calling an addEvent whether or not we already have a function attached to the element to run when it is clicked on, the new function will be run along with and functions that were previously attached. Should we need the ability to remove functions from what gets run when an element is clicked on then we could create a corresponding deleteEvent function that calls the appropriate function for removing an event listener or attached event? The one disadvantage of this last way of attaching the processing is those really old browsers do not support these relatively new ways of attaching event processing to a web page. There should be few enough people using such antiquated browsers by now to disregard them in what J(ava)Script we write apart from writing our code in such a way that it doesnt cause huge numbers of error messages. The above function is written so as to do nothing if neither of the ways it uses is supported. Most of these really old browsers do not support the getElementById method of referencing HTML either and so a simple  if (!document.getElementById) return false;  at the top of any of your functions which do such calls would also be appropriate. Of course, many people writing JavaScript are not so considerate of those still using antique browsers and so those users must be getting used to seeing JavaScript errors on almost every web page they visit by now. Which of these different ways do you use to attach processing into your page to be run when your visitors click on something? If the way you do it is nearer to the examples at the top of the page than to those examples at the bottom of the page then perhaps it is time you thought about improving the way you write your onclick processing to use one of the better methods presented lower down on the page. Looking at the code for the cross-browser event listener you will notice that there is a fourth parameter which we called  uC, the use of which isnt obvious from the prior description. Browsers have two different orders in which they can process events when the event is triggered. They can work from the outside inwards from the body tag in towards the tag that triggered the event or they can work from the inside out starting at the most specific tag. These two are called  capture  and  bubble  respectively and most browsers allow you to choose which order multiple processing should be run in by setting this extra parameter. uC true to process during the capture phaseuC false to process during the bubble phase. So where there are several other tags wrapped around the one that the event was triggered on the capture phase runs first starting with the outermost tag and moving in toward the one that triggered the event and then once the tag the event was attached to has been processed the bubble phase reverses the process and goes back out again. Internet Explorer and traditional event handlers always process the bubble phase and never the capture phase and so always start with the most specific tag and work outwards. So with event handlers: div onclickalert(a)div onclickalert(b)xx/div/div clicking on the  xx  would bubble out triggering the alert(b) first and the alert(a) second. If those alerts were attached using event listeners with uC true then all modern browsers except Internet Explorer would process the alert(a) first and then the alert(b).

Hamilcar Barca research paper paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hamilcar Barca - Research Paper Example A review of Hannibal’s early life is important for one to understand what motivated the Carthaginian hero. Hannibal was born to Hamilcar Barca, who was a Carthaginian leader at the time (Antiquity 74). At the time of his birth, Carthaginians and Romans were at supremacy war fighting over the Mediterranean Sea. To this end, the two were expanding their empires and conflict was almost inevitable given the fact that both had the same ambitions. The first punic war lasted from 264-241 BC led by the Barca family from the Carthaginians, and Scipio family from the Romans side. As the war ended, Carthaginians had lost control of Sicily and Sardinia in the western Mediterranean. This infuriated Hamiclar, who was the general commanding the Carthaginians in the first punic war. The humiliation made Hamiclar hate the Romans with a passion (Prevas 40). Scullard writes, â€Å"Hamilcar truly hated Romans after they humiliated the Carthaginians at their forced surrender at Sicily† (184 ). Hannibal was barely 20 years old when he was sent to Spain by the senate after Hasdrubal had insisted that the young Barca needed proper military education. Despite his young age, Hannibal was very eager to learn since he knew that this was preparation for him to rise to power and wage war against Romans. It is said that Hamilcar had â€Å"made his son swear eternal hatred to Rome† (Scullard 184) when he was very young. Hannibal received a warm welcome and immediate recognition among the troops. Prevas says that when Hannibal arrived in Spain, the troops â€Å"saw in this young boy their old commander Hamilcar† (48). As he matured, Hannibal earned more respect from the Carthage army in Spain. Hannibal got political knowledge from Hasdrubal and war competence through experience with the soldiers’ activities. The art of war seemed to come to Hannibal naturally as well (Prevas 48). Prevas further notes that Hannibal never did anything extra than the others, he a te and drank just enough to stay alive, slept on bare ground, and took guard duty just like any other soldier (48). He became a respected, skilled fighter and further learned Latin, the enemy language. Hannibal’s interaction with the soldiers served to build a strong bond with them; this would come in handy in the coming war (Prevas 48-49). Hannibal finally rose to power in 221 BC after violent assassination of Hasdrubal. Hannibal’s intense hatred for the Romans meant that he could not afford to waste any time before he started planning his terror against the Romans. Just like his father, Hannibal was ambitious about conquering lands in Spain. He, therefore, disregarded the treaty that Hasdrubal had signed with the Romans and continued expanding his territory west. Hannibal soon acknowledged the fact â€Å"Carthaginian victories in Spain would not break the power of Rome† (Scullard 186). Hannibal realized that he had to break the Italian Confederacy to bring dow n Rome. A perfect point for him to start his Rome mission would be Saguntum, a city allied to Rome and between Spain and the Alps (Barnes 1). Hannibal initiated the second punic war by his aggression and seizure over Saguntum in 219 BC, which the Romans considered an act of war, (Barnes 1). This act made the Romans furious, and they â€Å"ordered the Carthaginian government to hand Hannibal over to them† (Michael 98). Hannibal ignored the threats and proceeded to plot entry to Italy; he realized that to keep both Carthage and

Carving Leaders from the Warped Wood of Humanity Essay - 34

Carving Leaders from the Warped Wood of Humanity - Essay Example A statement made by the author that was very interesting in regards to this discussion was, â€Å"We respect leaders who put the interest of the followers first, but most leaders don’t pay a price for doing that on a regular basis, nor do most circumstances require them to calculate their interest in relation to the interest of their followers† (Ciulla, 2001). I agree with the author that managers have to consider many factors and variables in their decision making the process that has nothing to do with altruism. The interest of the customers of a company and the community are important to consider, but managers are supposed to maximize shareholders wealth. For that to occur companies have to optimize the use of their economic resources to improve the sales and profits of the company. My personal opinion in regards to the topic of whether leadership and altruism are correlated concepts differs from the opinion of Joanne Ciulla. I think that altruism can enhance the perception of a company, thus the strategy can be beneficial for the profitability of the company. Altruism is a win-win proposition for all the parties involved. A company that has a true sense of the importance of ethics will make a concerted effort to help interest groups in need through altruism efforts. Altruism can enhance the public image of a corporation. The use of altruism reflects well on the leadership abilities of a manager. Altruism should not be visualized as a cost; instead, it should be viewed as a moral and socially responsible way to give back to the community that builds the brand value of a company. Despite my difference of opinion with the author in regards to the relation between these two concepts, I agree with the author in that it is possible to be ethically responsible withou t using altruism. There are lots of ethical decisions that managers must make that do not involve altruism.

PEST Analysis of Indias Banking Sector

PEST Analysis of Indias Banking Sector HISTORY OF BANKING SECTOR The first bank in India was established in 1786.from 1786 till now ,the journey of Indian banking system can be segregated into three distint phases . Early phase from 1786 to 1969 of Indian banks Nationalisation of Indian Banks and up to 1991 prior to Indian banking sector Reforms. New phase of Bankig System after banking sector reforms. STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT The following are the steps taken by the Government of India to Regulate Banking Institutions in the Country 1949: Enactment of Banking Regulation Act 1955: Nationalisation of State Bank of India. 1959: Nationalisation of SBI subsidiaries. 1961: Insurance cover extended to deposits 1969: Nationalisation of 14 major banks. 1971: Creation of credit guarantee corPoration 1975: Creation of regional rural banks. 1980: Nationalisation of seven banks with deposits over 200 The commercial role of banks is not limited to banking, and includes: issue of banknotes processing of payments by way of telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, internet banking or other means Issuing bank drafts and bank cheques Accepting money on term deposit lending money by way of overdraft, installment loan or otherwise providing documentary and standby letters of credit (tradefinance),guarantees, performance bonds, securities underwriting commitments and other forms of off- balance sheet exposures safekeeping of documents and other items in safe deposit boxes currency exchange Acting as a financial supermarket for the sale, distribution or brokerage, with or without advice, of insurance, unit trusts and similar financialproducts ROLE OF BANKS Capital formation Monetization Innovations Finance for priority sectors Provision for medium and long term finance Cheap money policy Need for a sound banking system FUNCTIONS OF A BANK Accepting Deposits from public/others ( deposit). Lending money to public ( loan). Transferring money from one place to another (remittances). Credit Creation. Acting as trustees. Keeping valuable in safe custody Investment decisions and analysis. Government business, Other type of lending and transaction TYPES OF BANKING Central bank Commercial bank Industrial bank Agricultural bank Foreign Exchange bank Indigenous bank Rural bank Co-operative bank ANKING CHANNEL Branch ATM Mail Telephone Online Mobile video BANKING SECTOR REFORMS In 1991, the RBI had proposed to from the committee chaired by M. Narasimham, former RBI Governor in order to review the Financial System viz. aspects relating to the Structure, Organisations and Functioning of the financial system. TheNarasimham Committee report, submitted to the finance minister, Manmohan Singh, on the banking sector reforms highlighted the weaknesses in the Indian banking system and suggested reform measures based on the Basle norms..The main recommendations of the Committee were. Reduction of Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) to 25 per cent over a period of five years. Progressive reduction in Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR). Phasing out of directed credit programmes and redefinition of the priority sector Deregulation of interest rates so as to reflect emerging market conditions Imparting transparency to bank balance sheets and making more disclosures Setting up of special rule to speed up the process of recovery of loan. Restructuring of the banking system, national bank to international bank some and nationalised some other bank. Abolition of branch licensing Liberalising the policy with regard to allowing foreign banks to open offices in India Rationalisation of foreign operations of Indian banks Giving freedom to individual banks to recruit officers Inspection by supervisory authorities based essentially on the internal audit and inspection reports Ending duality of control over banking system by Banking Division and RBI PEST ANALYSIS (P)OLITICAL/ LEGAL ENVIROMENT Government and RBI policies affect the banking sector. Sometimes looking into the political advantage of a particular party, the Government declares some measures to their benefits like waiver of short-term agricultural loans, to attract the farmers votes. By doing so the profits of the bank get affected. Various banks in the cooperative sector are open and run by the politicians. They exploit these banks for their benefits. Sometimes the government appoints various chairmen of the banks. Various policies are framed by the RBI looking at the present situation of the country for better control over the banks. (E)CONOMICAL ENVIROMENT Banking is as old as authentic history and the modern commercial banking are traceable to ancient times. In India, banking has existed in one form or the other from time to time. The present era in banking may be taken to have commenced with establishment of bank of Bengal in 1809 under the government charter and with government participation in share capital. Allahabad bank was started in the year 1865 and Punjab national bank in 1895, and thus, others followed Every year RBI declares its 6 monthly policy and accordingly the various measures and rates are implemented which has an impact on the banking sector. Also the Union budget affects the banking sector to boost the economy by giving certain concessions or facilities. If in the Budget  savings are encouraged, then more deposits will be attracted towards the banks and in turn they can lend more money to the agricultural sector and industrial sector,  therefore,booming the economy If the FDI limits are relaxed, then more FDI a re brought in India through banking channels. (S)OCIAL ENVIROMENT Before nationalization of the banks, their control was in the hands of the private parties and only big business houses and the effluent sections of the society were getting benefits of banking in India. In 1969 government nationalized 14 banks. To adopt the social development in the banking sector it was necessary for speedy economic progress, consistent with social justice, in democratic political system, which is free from domination of law, and in which opportunities are open to all. Accordingly, keeping in mind both the national and social objectives,bankers were given direction to help economically weaker section of the society and also provide need-based finance to all the sectors of the economy with flexible and liberal attitude. Now the banks provide various types of loans to farmers, working women, professionals, and traders.They also provide education loan to the students and housing loans, consumer loans, etc.Banks having big clients or big companies have to provide servi ces like personalized banking to their clients because these customers do not believe in running about and waiting in queues for getting their work done. The bankers also have to provide these customers with special provisions and at times with benefits like food and parties. But the banks do not mind incurring these costs because of the kind of business these clients bring for the bank. Banks have changed the culture of human life in India and have made life much easier for the people. (T)ECHNOLOGICAL ENVIROMENT Technology environment plays a very important role in banks internal control.The latest developments in technology like computer and telecommunication have promoted the bankers to change the concept of branch banking to anywhere banking. The use of ATM and Internet banking has allowed ‘anytime, anywhere banking facilities. Automatic voice recorders now answer simple queries, currency accounting machines makes the job easier and self-service counters are now encouraged. Credit card facility has encouraged an era of cashless society. Today MasterCard and Visa card are the two most popular cards used world over. The banks have now started issuing smartcards or debit cards to be used for making payments. These are also called as electronic purse. Some of the banks have also started home banking through telecommunication facilities and computer technology by using terminals installed at customers home and they can make the balance inquiry, get the statement of accounts, give instruc tions for fund transfers, etc. Through ECS we can receive the dividends and interest directly to our account avoiding the delay or chance of loosing the post. Today banks are also using SMS and Internet as major tool of promotions and giving great utility to its customers. For example SMS functions through simple text messages sent from your mobile. The messages are then recognized by the bank to provide you with the required information. All these technological changes have forced the bankers adopt customer-based approach instead of product-based approach. INTRODUCTION OF FINANCE SECTOR A financial system, which is inherently strong, functionally diverse and displays efficiency and flexibility, is critical to our national objectives of creating a market-driven,productive and competitive economy. The financial system in India includes of financial institutions, financial markets, financial instruments and services. The Indian financial system is characterised by its two major segments an organised sector and a traditional sector that is also known as informal credit market. Financial intermediation in the organised sector is conducted by a large number of financial institutions which are business organisations providing financial services to the community. Financial institutions whose activities may be either specialised or may overlap are further classified as banking and non-banking entities. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the main regulator of credit is the apex institution in the financial system. Other important financial institutions are the commercial ban ks (in the public and private sector), cooperative banks, regional rural banks and development banks. Non-bank financial institutions include finance and leasing companies and other institutions like LIC, GIC, UTI, Mutual funds, Provident Funds, Post Office Banks etc. REFORMS OF FINANCIAL SECTOR The quantum of resources required to be mobilised, as the economy grows in complexity and generates new demands, places the financial sector in a vital position for promoting efficiency and momentum. It intermediates in the flow of funds from those who want to save a part of their income to those who want to invest in productive assets. The efficiency of intermediation depends on the width, depth and diversity of the financial system. Till about two decades ago, a large part of household savings was either invested directly in physical assets or put in bank deposits and small savings schemes of the Government. Since the late eighties however, equity markets started playing an important role. Other markets such as the medium to long-term debt market and short term money market remained relatively segmented and underdeveloped. In The past decades, the Government and its subsidiary institutions and agencies had an overwhelming and all encompassing role with extensive system of controls, rules, regulations and procedures, which directly or indirectly affected the development of these markets. The financial system comprising of a network of institutions, instruments and markets suffered from lack of flexibility in intermediary behavior and segmentation of various markets and sets of financial intermediaries. Well developed markets should be inter-connected to facilitate the demandsupply imbalances in one market overflowing into related markets thereby dampening shocks and disturbances. The inter connection also ensures that interest rates and returns in any market reflect the broad demand supply conditions in the overall market of savings. But such adjustment of interest rates is delayed when the intermediaries lack flexibility. On account of the historical role of the Government in controlling and directing a large part of the financial activity, such adjustments were slow and the problem needed to be addressed urgently if the financial sector had to keep pace with the reforms in the real sector. World wide experience confirms that the countries with well-developed and market-oriented financial systems have grown faster and more steadily than those with weaker and closely regulated systems. The financial sector in general and banking system in particular in many of the developing countries have been plagued by various systemic problems which necessitated drastic structural changes as also a reorientation of approach in order to develop a more efficient and well functioning financial system. The Indian financial system has been no exception in this respect and the problems encountered in the way of efficient functioning necessitated the financial sector reforms.Recognising the critical nature of the financial sector prompted the Government to set up two Committees on the Financial System (Narasimham Committees) in 1991 and 1998 to examine all aspects relating to the structure, organisation, functions and procedures of the financial system. The deliberations of the Committees were guided by the demands that would be placed on the financial system by the economic reforms talking place in the real sectors of the economy and by the need to introduce greater competition through autonomy and private sector participation in the financial sector. Despite the fact that the bulk of the banks were and are likely to remain in the public sector, and therefore with virtually zero risk of failure, the health and financial credibility of the banking sector was an issue of paramount importance to the Committees. The Committees proposed reforms in the financial sector to bring about operational flexibility and functional autonomy, for overall efficiency, productivity and profitability. In the banking sector, in particular, the measures have been taken aimed at restoring viability of the banking system, bringing about an internationally accepted level of accounting and disclosure standards and introducing capital adequacy norms in a phased manner. Most of the measures suggested by the Committees have been accepted by the Government. Interest rates have been deregulated over a period of time, branch-licensing procedures have been liberalised and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) and Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) have been reduced. The entry barriers for foreign banks and new private sector banks have been lowered as part of the medium term strategy to improve the financial and operational health of the banking system by introducing an element of competition into it. A Board for Financial Supervision has been set up within the Reserve Bank of India and it has introduced a new system of offsite surveillance even while revamping the system of on-site surveillance. The financial sector reforms have been pursued vigorously and the results of the first set of reforms have brought about improved efficiency and transparency in the financial sector. It is well recognized that reforms in the financial sector are an ongoing process to meet the challenges thrown up on account of the integration of financial markets, both within the country and worldwide. Future direction of reforms If the financial sector reforms are viewed in a broad perspective, it would be evident that the first phase of reforms focussed on modification of the policy framework, improvement in financial health of the entities and creation of a competitive environment. The second phase of reforms target the three interrelated issues viz. Strengthening the foundations of the banking system; Streamlining procedures, upgrading technology and human resource development; Structural changes in the system. These would cover aspects of banking policy, and focus on institutional, supervisory and legislative dimensions. Although significant steps have been taken in reforming the financial sector, some areas require greater focus. One area of concern relates to the ability of the financial sector in its present structure to make available investible resources to the potential investors in the forms and tenors that will be required by them in the coming years, that is, as equity, long term debt and medium and short-term debt. If this does not happen, there could simultaneously exist excess demand and excess supply in different segments of the financial markets. In such a situation the segment facing the highest level of excess demand would prove to the binding constraint to investment activity and effectively determine the actual level of investment in the economy. Such problems could be resolved through movement of funds between various types of financial institutions and instruments and also by portfolio reallocation by the savers in response to differential movements in the returns in the alternative financial instruments. In this context, it is very important to identify the emerging structure of investment demand, particularly from the private sector, in order to reorient the functioning of the financial sector accordingly, so that investment in areas of national importance flows smoothly. A major area that needs to be focused in the context of the countrys development policy is investment in infrastructure. Financing of infrastructure projects is a specialized activity and would continue to be of critical importance in the future. A sound and efficient infrastructure is a sine qua non for sustainable economic development. A deficient infrastructure can be a major impediment in a countrys economic growth particularly when the economy is on the upswing. A growing economy needs supporting infrastructure at all levels, be it adequat e and reasonably priced power, efficient communication and transportation facilities or a thriving energy sector. Such infrastructure development has a multiplier effect on economic growth, which cannot be overlooked. Financial Institutions Credit Rating Information Service of India Limited(CRISIL) Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India (ICRA India) Insurance Regulatory and Development(IRDA) Board for Industrial and Financial Reonstruction(BIFR) Export Import Bank of India National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development(NABARD) Small Industries DevelopmentBank of India(SIDBI) National Housing Bank(NHB) PEST ANALYSIS OF FINANCE SECTOR Political Factors Financial Stability Monetary Policy Changes Foreign Direct Investment Trends Call for International Cooperation Economic Factors Financial Services and Gross Domestic Product Growing Unemployment in Financial Sector Volatile Exchange Rates Decline in Inflation Rates Tax Contribution of Financial Services Social Factor Geographic Distribution of Financial Services Employment Trends in Financial Services Sector Changing Lifestyles Expectations Credit Crunch Delaying Retirements Technological Factors Growth in eCommerce, despite Economic Crisis Banks to Invest in IT INTRODUCTION OF INSURANCE SECTOR Insurance is basically risk management device. The losses to assets resulting Form natural calamities like fire, flood, earthquake, accident etc. are met out of the common pool contributed by large number of persons who are exposed to Similar risks. This contribution of many is used to pay the losses suffered by unfortunate few. However the basic principle is that losses should occur as a result of natural calamities or unexpected events which are beyond the human control. Secondly insured person should not make any gains out of insurance. Insurance in India can be traced back to the Vedas. For instance, yogakshema,the name of Life Insurance Corporation of Indias corporate headquarters, is derived from the Rig Veda. The term suggests that a form of community insurance was prevalent around 1000 BC and practiced by the Aryans. Burial societies of the kind found in ancient Rome were formed in the Buddhist period to help families build houses, protect widows and children. Bombay Mutual Assurance Society, the first Indian life assurance society, was formed in 1870. Other companies like Oriental, Bharat and Empire of India were also set up in the 1870-90s. It was during the swadeshi movement in the early 20th century that insurance witnessed a big boom in India with several more companies being set up. As these companies grew, the government began to exercise control on them. The Insurance Act was passed in 1912, followed by a detailed and amended Insurance Act of 1938 that looked into investments, expenditure and management of these companies funds. By the mid-1950s, there were around 170 insurance companies and 80 provident fund societies in the countrys life insurance scene. However, in the absence of regulatory systems, scams and irregularities were almost a way of life at most of these companies. As a result, the government decided nationalizes the life assurance business in India. The Life Insurance Corporation of India was set up in 1956 to take over around 250 life companies. For years thereafter, insurance remained a monopoly of the public sector. INSURANCE IN INDIA opening up of the insurance sector to private players that the sector was finally opened up to private players in 2001. The Insurance Regulatory Development Authority, an autonomous insurance regulator set up in 2000, has extensive powers to oversee the insurance business and regulate in a manner that will safeguard the interests of the insured. The insurance sector in India has come a full circle from being an open competitive market to nationalization and back to a liberalized market again. Tracing the developments in the Indian insurance sector reveals the 360-degree turn witnessed over a period of almost two centuries. Milestone of indian life insurance industry:- The business of life insurance in India in its existing form started in India in the year 1818 with the establishment of the Oriental Life Insurance Company in Calcutta. Some of the important milestones in the life insurance business in India are: 1912: The Indian Life Assurance Companies Act enacted as the first statute to regulate the life insurance business. 1928: The Indian Insurance Companies Act enacted to enable the government to collect statistical information about both life and non-life insurance businesses. 1938: Earlier legislation consolidated and amended to by the Insurance Act with the objective of protecting the interests of the insuring public. 1956: 245 Indian and foreign insurers and provident societies taken over by the central government and nationalized. LIC formed by an Act of Parliament, viz. LIC Act, 1956, with a capital contribution of Rs. 5 crore from the Government of India. The functions of Insurance can be devided into three parts PrimaryFunctions SecondaryFunctions Other Functions The primary functions of insurance include the following: Provide Protection- The primary function of insurance is to provide protection against future risk, accidents and uncertainty. Insurance cannot check the happening of the risk, but can certainly provide for the losses of risk. Insurance is actually a protection against economic loss, by sharing the risk with others. Collective bearing of risk- Insurance is a device to share the financial loss of few among many others. Insurance is a mean by which few losses are shared among larger number of people. All the insured contribute the premiums towards a fund and out of which the persons exposed to a particular risk is paid. Assessment of risk- Insurance determines the probable volume of risk by evaluating various factors that give rise to risk. Risk is the basis for determining the premium rate also. Provide Certainty- Insurance is a device, which helps to change from uncertainty to certainty. Insurance is device whereby the uncertain risks may be made more certain. The secondary functions of insurance include the following: Prevention of Losses- Insurance cautions individuals and businessmen to adopt suitable device to prevent unfortunate consequences of risk by observing safety instructions; installation of automatic sparkler or alarm systems, etc. Prevention of losses cause lesser payment to the assured by the insurer and this will encourage for more savings by way of premium. Reduced rate of premiums stimulate for more business and better protection to the insured. Small capital to cover larger risks Insurance relieves the businessmen from security investments, by paying small amount of premium against larger risks and uncertainty. Contributes towards the development of larger industries- Insurance provides development opportunity to those larger industries having more risks in their setting up. Even the financial institutions may be prepared to give credit to sick industrial units which have insured their assets including plant and machinery. The other functions of insurance include the following: Means of savings and investment- Insurance serves as savings and investment, insurance is a compulsory way of savings and it restricts the unnecessary expenses by the insureds For the purpose of availing income-tax exemptions also, people invest in insurance. Source of earning foreign exchange- Insurance is an international business. The country can earn foreign exchange by way of issue of marine insurance policies and various other ways. Risk Free trade- Insurance promotes exports insurance, which makes the foreign trade risk free with the help of different types of policies under marine insurance cover. Characteristics of Insurance Sharing of risk Co-operative device Evaluation of risk Payment on happening of special event The amount of payment depends on the nature of losses incurred OPENING OF INSURANCE SECTOR INSURANCE INDIA The Union Govt. of India decided to open the insurance sector to make it more dynamic and customer friendly. Objective of Liberalization of Insurance The main objective for the opening up the insurance sector to the private insures as under. To provide better coverage to the India citizens. To augment the flow of long term financial resources to finance the growth of infrastructure. Insurance Industry in the year 2000-2001 had 16 new entrants, namely Life Insurers. Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) Act The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act was introduced to end the monopoly of State-owned companies and to invest in the Insurance. Regulatory Authority power to control the insurance sector. Reforms of Insurance sector in India In 1993, Malhotra Committee, headed by former Finance Secretary and RBI Governor R. N. Malhotra, was formed to evaluate the Indian insurance industry and recommend its future direction. The Malhotra committee was set up with the objective of complementing the reforms initiated in the financial sector. The reforms were aimed at â€Å"creating a more efficient and competitive financial system suitable for the requirements of the economy keeping in mind the structural changes currently underway and recognizing that insurance is an important part of the overall financial system where it was necessary to address the need for similar reforms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In 1994, the committee submitted the report and some of the key recommendations included: About the various player of life insurance sector Since being set up as an independent statutory body the IRDA has put in a framework of globally compatible regulations. In the private sector 12 life insurance and 6 general insurance companies have been registered than after remaining companies are registered. Here we have described the private life insurance companies registered in which year wise. PEST ANALYSIS OF INSURANCE SECTOR POLITICAL FACTORS Within India political ambitions and rise of communalism, fissiparoustendencies are on the rise and may well continue for quite some time to time.Therefore, it expected that the insurance companies might consider offering politicalrisk coverage also. The only area where Indian insurers consider giving cover is with regard to customs duty change under certain conditions.Certain type of political risk at the international level has serious implications for exporters. The term ‘political risk has a wider connotation than commonly understood or assumed. It covers events arising not just from politics, but risks in thecourse of international transactions. In this connection, it may be noted that export credit insurance has evolved out of uncertainties relating to international trade,particularly due to problems arising out of foreign legal jurisdiction, political changesand currency exchange difficulties faced by many developing countries. Prohibition for Investment Manner and conditions For investment Insurance business in rural / social sector All insurers are required to undertake such percentage of their insurance business, including insurance for crops, in the rural social sector as specified by the IRDA. They should discharge their obligations to providing life insurance policies to persons residing in the rural sector, workers in the unorganized sector or to economically vulnerable classes of society and other categories of persons as specified by the IRDA. 4. Capital requirement: The paid up equity of an insurance company applying for registration to carry on life insurance business should be Rs 100 Crores. 5. Renewal of registration: An insurer, who has been granted a certificate of registration, should have the registration renewed annually with each year ending on March 31 after the commencement of the IRDA Act. The application for renewal should be accompanied by a fee as determined by IRDA regulations, not exceeding one forth of one percent of the total gross premium income in India in the preceding year or Rs 5 Crores or whichever is less, but not less than Rs 50000 for each class of business as per Section 3A. 6. Requirements as to Capital The minimum paid up equity capital, excluding required deposits with the RBI and any preliminary expenses in the formation of the country, requirement of an insurer would be Rs 100 crore to carry on life insurance business and Rs 200 crore to exclusively do reinsurance business as per Section 7. Investment of funds outside India Insurers outside India as per Section 27-C cannot invest the funds of policyholders. 8. Insurance business in Rural Sector After the commencement of the IRDA Act, 1999, every insurer would have to undertake such percentage of life insurance business in the rural sector as may be specified by the IRDA in this behalf. It is mandatory for the new co

Masuji Ibuse and “Black Rain”

Japan has a very rich history as well as a very rich culture. It was home to famous artists and poets, which gets their inspiration from whatever is happening in the country. One of these writers is Ibuse Masuji, who was the writer of the 1965 masterpiece, Kuroi Ame or â€Å"Black Rain.† The inspiration of this is the previous bombing of Hiroshima, where black rain refers to the radioactive â€Å"rain† that spread out to the people in the area. Ibuse Masuji came from a family of independent farmers, born as the second of a landowner in Hiroshima, Japan. Ibuse spent his young years in the countryside, in a small village called Kamo in the east of Hiroshima Prefecture. When he became 19, started going to Waseda University in Tokyo, where he had his fill of the ideas from brilliant minds of history, most especially regarding surrealism and Marxism. The specialty which he took in college was on French literature, but his interests were more on the works of Russians like Tolstoy and Chekov (â€Å"Masuji Ibuse,† 2002). But because of an unwanted incident where Masuji Ibuse was sexually harassed by a gay professor, he was forced to quit school. His writings surfaced in the early 1920’s, but his works were not recognized until the late 1920s with the positive feedback given by an influential modern critic named Kobayashi Hideo. Because of this, people noticed Masuji Ibuse’s works, wherein he later gained a large following due to people’s admirations. Despite his emergence as one of the new modern writers, he chose to take the path of traditional techniques which is known to his place of origin. His techniques were more on the first person aspect where he used the subjective â€Å"I-novel† mode of Japan. This technique is characterized by having a narrator and author in one. Southern Japan’s countryside inspired him to come up with his short story, â€Å"Koi† which marked his traditional techniques. Ibuse’s pre-war works showed his wry humor as an artists, as well as having characters which are psychologically sharp yet sympathetic villagers, peasants, doctors, farmers and other unchanging people. This is the distinguishing trait of Ibuse’s style when he writes. When the World War II broke out, Masuji Ibuse led a different life. He served in the propaganda units, which has also inspired him to write about Japanese propagandists. He was able to look at life differently because of all the wars. War’s cruelty served as a new inspiration for his writings. One of his great creations which emerged from this aspect was â€Å"Black Rain,† which shows his take on the fateful events caused by the Hiroshima bombings, making it as one of the best Japanese novels known to the world. The novel Black Rain chronicled various stories of the hibakusha or the survivors of the Japanese atom bomb (The Hiroshima Project, 2007). It showed their struggles for acceptance, and their sufferings from discrimination and social isolation. This is all because of the radiation poisoning, when they were exposed to huge amounts of radiation during the bombings. These people may have survived the attacks, but the life they had afterwards showed how hard it is being in their place. This novel became famous to western readers even though the author was Japanese. This was partly because of how the novel depicts its contents, which is more on the human perspective. It ignores the political factors that existed around that time. It focused on the issue on the extent of devastation that these bombs can cause, nd that the suffering that is connected with it is not only on those who wee directly suffered from the bombings, but also with generations after generations from the victims. References: Masuji Ibuse. (2002).  Ã‚   Retrieved October 1, 2007, from http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ibuse.htm The Hiroshima Project. (2007). Masuji IBUSE: Black Rain.  Ã‚   Retrieved October 1, 2007, from http://rhizome.org/artbase/22194/HiroshimaProject/ResearchDatabase/Literature/BlackRain/index.html      

Introduction for Abortion - 843 Words

The definition of abortion is the fetus in the uterus if her mother remove / die before the fetus can survive outside the mother uterus the mother uterus , in other ways means the fetus killed accidentally or by some medical ways before its born. There are 2 types of abortion , the 2 types call spontaneous abortion and induced abortion , these two different ways have their own characteristic . SPONTANEOUS ABORTION Spontaneous abortion also call miscarriage abortion , its happen because of accidental or natural before the 22 week of carrying of being carried in the womb between the birth and conception , this happen normally because of incorrect replication of chromosome of the other ways is affect by the environment factors. A†¦show more content†¦This abortion methods comparison 15% of all he abortion cases in Malaysia. These are some drugs can used to do these abortion (RU- 486 , misoprostol , gemeprost) these drugs is approved by FDA US. Approximately 95% of woman use these drug within 49 days of gestation are successful killed the fetus without any pain and surgical intervention , all the fetus killed using the medical ways will exclude the pregnant woman from their vagina. †¢ SURGICAL The most common method to use in the first 12 weeks after forming the fetus are suction curettage as known as vacuum aspiration , this method is done by abortion doctors , they used surgical instrument to remove the fetus (embryo) , placenta and membranes. In this process the doctor will force the woman cervix open by using dilators , then a hollow tube with a knife at the edged tip and a very powerful vacuum called canella , then its will insert into the womb and the unborn child will sucked out by the tube in pieces. If the head of the unborn child was too large it may be crushed to removed successful and the most important part to remove of the unborn child removed is the placenta which place at the inner of the womb. 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Application Of The Code Of Ethics For Nurses With...

Application of the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements As one of the cornerstone documents, the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements helps to guide the ethical decisions of young and old nurses today (Finkelman Kenner, 2014, p. 22). Nurses will encounter many different ethical dilemmas in the healthcare field and must be prepared. A few dilemmas include active euthanasia, influenza vaccinations, maintaining an ethical environment, keeping patients healthcare information confidential, and continuing education. Nursing and Active Euthanasia One of the more controversial issues in healthcare is active euthanasia. Active euthanasia can be defined as the use of lethal drugs by a health-care professional with the intention of terminating the patient’s life as painlessly as possible (Keown, 2002, p.9). As of now, there are only four states where it is legal: Oregon, Washington, Montana, and Vermont (â€Å"Where is Euthanasia Legal†, n.d.). 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